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' W. D. MOORE METHOD 0F AND APPARATUS FOR CENTRFUGALLY CASTING METAL BODIES Filet March l' 1923 A TTORNEY Oct. 16, 1923. 1,47`i,2

w. D. MOORE METHOD OF AND.APPARATUS FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CASTING METAL BODIES Filed March 1. 1923 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 fl TTORNE YS Oct. 16, 1923.

W. D. MOORE METHOD 0F AND APPARATUS FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CASTING METAL BODIES 4 sheets-sheet s' Filed March l 1923 Oct. 16, 1923.

W. D. MOORE METHOD oF AND APPARATUS FOR CENTRIFUGALLY CASTING METAL BODIES Filed March l. 1923 4 Sheets-Shea?l 4 /N VEN 701e 1 NOR/v5 Y@ Patented Oct. 16, 1923.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

WILLIAM D. MOORE, OF BIRCLVIINGHAI/L VALAIBAMA., ASSIGNOR TO A LWIERICAN CAST IRON PIPE COMPANY, OF BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, A CORPORATION OF GEORGIA.

METHOD OF A ND APPARATUS FOR CENTRIFUGALIY CASTING METAL BODIES.

Application filed March l, 1923. Serial No. 622,082.

To @ZZ whom it may concern.:

Be it known that I, WILLIAM D. MOORE, a citizen ot the United States, and resident of Birmingham, in the county of Jeierson and State of Alabama, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of and Apparatus for Centriitugally Casting Metal Bodies, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to the art of making metal castings, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for centriiugally casting hollow metal bodies, and has Special reference tothe making ot' cylindrical castings such as ferrous pipe in a centriiugally operated mold. v

Theprime desideratum of the present invent-ion comprehends the provision of a method of and apparatus for eentrifugally casting hollow metal bodies in preferably refractory molds, and more particularly in unbaked or green sand molds, for the making especially of commercial ferrous metal pipe with or without bell and spigot ends in an Veconomical and ellicient manner.

As is well known, a number of methods for centi'ifugally casting hollow metal bodies such as pipe have hitherto been proposed consisting variously in rotating about a horizontal, vertical or an inclined axis or a combination of these, either a metal hot or cooled mold or a refractory such as a sand or clay mold, into which mold the molten metal is discharged tor distribution by centrifugal action about thel inner wall thereof to form the hollow casting or pipe. The prior practice of these methods has been attended with numerous disadvantages, either from the aspect of the difiiculties in volved in carrying out the steps of1 the method, or from that ot the objectionable Y cost of installation and renewal oi' the appa-- ratus employed, or the addedexpense and inconvenience of special treatment ot the astings required, or the structural defects ot the castings produced, or the relatively large cost of the metal mixtures or alloys necessitated by the limitations or require- .Inents ot the process; and due to theseidiiliculties encountered, centrifugal casting processes have not been generally adopted by the trade. i

InV the casting centrifugally of pipe struetures with the use of the metal or so-called permanent mold, the molten metal isv sup plied to the mold with the latter either heated or cold, depending upon the process adopted. There heated molds have been employed, it has been `found that, aside from the objections attending the heating of thev mold and the handling of the same, theextractionoiI the casting from the mold is very diilicult ol accomplishment, and the casting produced is too brittle tor commercial service. lVhere a: coldor `chilled metal mold is employed, the casting produced must uncles-- go expensive annealing treatmentat high temperatures, and the `east-ing product obtained after chilling and annealing, although apparently structurally adequate, is defectively weak, especially in its resistance to corrosion. It is well known, for example, that annealing at high temperatures causes changes in the characteristics of the metal; and that the crystalline structure oit the metal consisting of a matrix of pearlite largely interspersed with flakes of graphite, upon which crystalline structure the resistance to corrosion is largely dependent, breaks down as a` result of the annealingr treatment into grains of iron with flakes of amorphous carbon scattered through thel structure. The use of the cold Vmold further necessitates a highl silicon content of the metal, and -hence anexpensive metal mixture. The metal molds, moreover, either oit the hot or cold type, are comparatively expensive and relatively short-lived,y and the cost of renewing or replacing the mold adds a fairly large increment to the cost of production oi the pipe. i Thus the metal mold centriiugal casting process is -i'oundto be comparatively uneconomieal, and the profluct is vfound unable to withstand that dcgrec ot corrosion and deterioration dictated by its intended.industrial-use.

In the centrifugal castingk oi hollow bodies" with the use of sand incluis, the

.molten metal is discharged into a flask lined with sand provided with a Afacing on the in'- ner surface thereof, one process comprehending the utilization of a green or unbaked sand lining, and another process in cludinff the use of a baked or dry sand lining. f these the green sand mold process has been found. to be the more economical due for example to the elimina-tion of the time consumed and in the `costof baking the mold in the dry sand mold method, and permits .of obtaining a better casting product resulting from `a number of factors. rlhe castings obtained from the centrifugally operated green sand mold combine the desirable properties of ordinary sand cast metal such as theV superior' resistance of the casting to corrosion and other actions which tend to disintegrate the metal and shorten the life of the pipe,rwi.th the high qualities of centrifugally .cast products, such as the greater density and solidity and consequent greater strength. Although the green sand mold process is thus capable of yielding aV superior metal pipe or tubular product, the processes heretofore proposed have .not met With commercial adoption due to the diiisculties that have been met with in centrifugally casting on sand molds, Which difliculties heretofore have been regarded as un avoidable and have not been successfully solved.

Amongthe more prominent problems presented in the art of centrifugally casting on refractory molds were, for example, the difiiculties of causing the metal to .flow evenly on a sand mold and securing an even distribution of the molten metal in the mold to obtain a uniform and homogeneous product; the further difliculty of. preventing the cutting and Washing of the sand by the action of the molten metal discharging into and flowing through the mold; the further dilliculty presented especially in green sand molds of producing a clean casting Without pocketed or honeycomb defects; the further problems governing the use of facings which were not properly united or associated with the sand lining, and Which Wer@r picked up by and washed and carried along with the flowing metalA resulting not only inV leaving blemishes on the surface of the casting, but inthe production of a prohibitive amount o'i'" -scruifg'andsuch further mechanical objections as the: instability of the sand lining when the mold is subjected to rotation at high speeds. To obviate these and other defects and drawbacks, as will appearfurther hereinafter, and 'to successfully tained in a centrifugal sand mold, is a prime desideratum of my present invention. Y The principal objects of my present invention may be said to include the` provision of a method of and apparatus for centrifugally casting hollow metal bodies in refractory molds, in which the molten metal is I 4 produce economically the desired casting product ohp so introduced in a rotary mold and the mold so coordinately operated as to effect a uniform distribution of the metal in the mold to produce a `uniform and homogeneous casting; the further provision of such a method, and the apparatus therefor, practiced so that the metal. introduced into the mold is uniformly distributed in avery short time without material internal dist-urbance while the metal. is in a .free flowing condition and is rapidly brought to a qui cscent state as soon as the even distribution obtained; the still further provision of a. method of preparing a refractory mold so that the molten metal will flow in the mold Without that detrimental disturbance accompanying prior methods of this kind; the further provision of a mold and the method of preparing the same with a facing so as to produce a mcmbraneous orshelllile coating performing such functions as conditioning the surface of the sand to cnable it to withstand the cutting action of the metal, of making the mold wall smooth and impervious to the flowing iron, of resisting the washing effect of the iron, and of being of such a nature as to fuse to the skin of the casting to supply the sanie with a protective surface coating. Still further and. correlated objects of the invention in clude the process of producing the hollow bodies with the protective coating or facing and the product so obtained; and the provision of `a refractory mold having a sand composition which obviates the mcchanical drawbacks found in prior practice and which permits of obtaining noirdefective and clean castings.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and such other objects as may hereinafter appear, my invention consists in the meth-vi ods, the steps and the elements and their relation one to thc other, hereinafter particularly described and sought to be dcfined in the claims, reference being had to the accompanying drawings which show a preferred embodiment of my invention, and in which:

Fig. l is an elevational view of my case ing apparatus showing the same in om` sta of operation,

Fig. 2 is a plan view of the same,

Fig. 3 vis an elevational view taken in cross-section on the line 3 3, iiig. l.,

Fig. 4 is an elevational View taken in cross-section on the line if-4., Fig. l, showing the machine in another stage of opera tion,

Fig. 5 is a view taken in crosssection on line 5 5, Fig. 1. and showing the manner of removingir filled mold and substituting F ig. 7 is a cross-sectional detail view of the mold showing. a pipe casting therein,

Fig. 8 is a detail view showing the preferred construction of the means for charg-` ing the mold, i

-Fig. 9 is a view taken in cross-section on the line 9-9, Fig. 8, and

Fig. l0 is a cross-sectional view of the mold taken .in the line itl-10, Fig. 7.

As heretofore mentioned, a principal desideratum of this invention centers about the provision of a process for centrifugally casting on refractory such as green sand molds in which the molten metal is so introduced into the mold and -the mold so coordinately operated as to effect a uniform distribution of the molten metal to produce a uniform and homogeneous casting prod uct. It has been previously well known that the temperature conditions of the mold and molten metal at the time of charging the mold and the time factor involved in charging were highly important considerations in producing .uniform metal distribution. intimately interrelated with the tem- `perature and 'time factors is also that of the kinetic behaviour or action of the fluid metal in the mold having components due not only to the centrifugal action of the mold, but to the head of the metal when introduced into the mold and the reflecting action of the mold ends which produces a surging of the liquid metal mass back and forth from end to end of the mold. After considerable experimentation, l have found that these temperature, time and energy factors may be controlled so as to permit of producing commercial pipe in a satisfactory manner.

I have discovered after extensive research that the molten metal should preferably be introduced into the mold at certain temperatures between predetermined high and low values in the quickest possible time, and that the mold should preferably be so operated and manipulated as to substantially inhibit the disturbance incident t'o and resulting from the introduction of the metal inthis manner, to minimize the splashing and surging effect and to bring the same-to a quiescent state rapidly and before eongealing temperatures have been reached. More specifically,.l have empirically determined that the best results can be obtained by delivering the whole charge of `molten metal into the rotating mold, preferably at one end thereof, in the shortest possible time, with the molten metal at temperatures hereinaftermore fullyY described,A and that to rapidly eliminate the surging and to produce a quiescent mass and obtain an even distribution, the mold should preferably be supported in a position inclined to the hori- -aontal during discharge or delivery of the metal thereto, and should then be moved quickly and quietly to horizontal position while the metal is still in a fluid or free flowin@r state. i

y inclining the mold at the proper angle with reference to the horizontal plane, the metal can be introduced into the flask or mold in the quickest possible period either with the mold revolving or stationary, and at the same time the metal may be caused to arrive at the far or lower end of the mold with a minimum amount ofsurge which almost immediately quiet-s itself, after which when the mold is lowered the metal quietly distributes itself uniformly over the mold surface from end to end and without leaving any trace of surge in the casting.

Referring new to the drawings, in which I show a centrifugal casting machine embodying the principles of my invention and which now forms in practice a preferred embodiment of the apparatus employed in carrying out the process, and referring more particularly to Figs. l to 5, l provide a rotary mold comprising a flask l0 having a plurality of perforations 1l distributed over the body of the same and forming vent holes for the gases and steam generated during a casting operation, the said flask 10 being provided with a refractory lining such as the sand lining l2 (see for example Figs. 3 to which lining is preferably surfaced with a facing 13. The mold is mounted and arranged for movement between a horizontal position and a position inclined to the horizontal, the latter position being indicated in Fig. l of the drawings, and to this end the mold is mounted on a supporting structure la which is arranged for corresponding movement between horizontal and inclined positions, a desirable construction including the mounting of the frame 14 for movement about a horizontal axis provided by the spaced standards l5, l5 in which the frame lllis journalled for the desired motion, as will clearly appear from a consideration of the drawings.

Any suitable mechanism may be employed for moving the mold and its supporting frame between the horizontal and inclined positions. ln the illustrated mechanism there is preferably provided a cross shaft lli joue nailed in the spaced nprights 17, 1T, which shaft receives motion from a longitudinallyv arranged drive shaft 18 by means of a worin 19 fixed on the drive shaft 18 and a worin wheel 2O meshing therewith and fixed on the cross shaft- 16, the cross shaft lbeing' provided with the spaced eccentries 20, 20 embraced by the eccentric straps 2l, 2l, which lat-ter are dependingly carried by the frame le, the eccentric strapsbeing to this vend provided with terminal forks 22, pivotally mounted in the depending bearing lugs 23 formed with the frame 14. lVith this construction it will be seen that upon lrotahorizontal. position, I may provide op means which in lilie preferred construct iciiulesl the adji itable bolts i6, car Y standards 17, 17 against which h.. lugs 27, 27 carried bythe i re adapted to abut. A compar .l and Fig. 4 will indicate the assf'iciat: f the parts of the apparatus when. n il.

assumes the inclined position and lire liori zontal position, Fig. l. indicating the frame M at a position near. the maximum or high point of the cam or eccentric ll l :rental position with the stop lugs 2.

ting the bolts 26.

To prevent any surging of the aiiel'al www the same is introduced into the mold. .i to aid in bringing about stabilit/,intr condiM tions of the mold, preferably only the pour ing end of the same is open, end of the same is preferably con" substantially coniplelely closed, l now to Figs. (l, 'l' and 8 of the ilrairii open or imiouriner end of the Ymold .is s.. comprise an annular l screwed onlo and made pai of and to which is bolted a sl by means of two counters-.unir a stop-oli' plate 30 being,T provided ed to the siripper plate 2O be." mean two countersunk key boltsl 9?.. plate 3l) is flanged in opposite direc providethe tubular structure shown at 231", and with this construction the plate i. reversed from time to time7 thus pro. its life. The :inner diameter of this iu structure 3l is predetermined to somewhat less Athan the inner diame'er the pipe to be formed, as will be real i' understood Vby those skilled in the art, other Vend of the flask i0 may be provided with ('lie bell mouth structure to r'l" bolted the end plate 5:33 provided w i a substantially completely closed core del; which in some instances oriiled with a suitable vent opening' a, iii-si dal'- ted lines in Fig'. 7 of the drs The cere i3-l may be carried by the end i3 by means of the Wedge keys fl, the core haring the configuration for formingr the inner surface of the bell mouth end of the pipe` as is clearly shown-in Fig. 7 of the drawings. the outer configuration of the pipe Vbeing determined by that of the sand lining at the bell mouth end, as will be readily understood by i da those skilled in the art. lith this arrangenent the stop-off plate, the stripper plate and the end plate 33 may be readily removed to permit the removal of the sand and the casting after a casting operation. has been performed. By completely or substantially closing the end of the mold, the metal may be poured into the mold when inclined without c ising' a surging of the metal. llie substantially closed end. also aiding in stal'iilizingr pressure conditions in the moldln the `practice of the method as will presently aijipcar, a poured mold is removed from the casting; machine and is replaced by a fresh or unpoured mold, and to this end the flask l() is removably mounted on the supporting' structure 1.4. Refer ring for example to ill-"gs, l to 144.. the drawings, l show the flask arranged for rotary motion on spaced sets ofrollers. One set of rollers, as for example the rear set, comprises the rollers 35, 35 journalled on a bracketed structure 3G iixedly carried by the frame l/l and a roller 37 carried by a yoke 3S which pivoted at one end 2li) on the frame .il and morably secured at its other end 410 by means of the bolt` locking member ell and the springr 12, the latter being providrul as a vibration-absorbing means and as a means for permittingr cir- Acumferential expansion of the flask when heated by the molten metal. The otliew set of rollers also coniprises two spa ccd roll ers ffl-E3 joui-nailed in a bracketed structureV lil; .lixedly carried by the franie .1.1 and a, roller fio journalleil in a yoke 4:6' which is also pivotally mounted at 47 and morably locked in position by means of the lockingr elen'ienls generally designated as 18, and similar .in `Structure to that above described. The flask l0 is preferably provided 'with the spaced bands el?) and 50, the band 419 being preferably irooved to receire the rollers 35 and 37, which are con- 'i'eXed, Vand the band 5l) being preferably straight facedpto receive the corr )ondingly contoured. rollers 43 andv 4a, lili .atter construction being provided to permit axial expansion of the :flask when hea-ted.

Vhen it is desired to remore a mold. after casting and replace the sume by a freshly prepared mold, the yokes 5S and l() are un- `locked and moved to open position as will be readily understood, and the filled flask then removed. For removing;r the flask provide Vany suitable elevating means which in the construction shown comprises the elevatingrails 51, 51 shown particularly in Figs.Y l, 2 and the'. said rails being jouriialled at one end on the spaced standV ards 52, 52 located` adjacent the rollingr stock 53 over which Wheeled trucks 54; are adapted l lll elevate the same from the full line position shown in Fig. to the dotted line position show-n for clearing the lower roller sets Vand 43 respectively. .From a consideration of Fig. 5, it will be seen thatV the rails 51 are arranged to assume a horizontal position when the flask is elevated so that the flask may with facility be conveyed to the wheeled truck 54: and so that a newly prepared flask may be conveyed withV equal facility from the truck to the casting machine. For elevating and lowering the rails 5l any suitable mechanical means may be employed. l preferably provide a vertically movable screw rod 5G connected to a crosstie rail 57 uniting the rails 51, the said screw rod being caused to elevate or descend by means of the worm wheel 58 journalled for rotation in a casing 59 and engaging the thread 60 of the screw rod, the said worm wheel being adapted to be driven in either direction by ymeans of a worm 6l fixed on the drive shaft 18, a clutch mechanism 62 ofl any appr ved type being provided to control the operation of the elevating mechanism.

:For rotating the mold I preferably provide a driving means which is directly connected to the flask l() and is arranged to permit rapid removal Vof a filled mold after a casting operation. inthe preferred construction l provide a motor 63 whose axis is alined with the axis of the rotary mold,

the said motor being direct-ly connected to the mold by a quickly detachable connection comprising coupler 6l provided with a 4drive key 65 loosely received in grooves 66 in the end plate 33, the said motor being mounted for axial motion in the guides 67 to cause `the engagement and disengagement ofthe: driving key with the flask, `the motor being moved by means of a threaded rod 68 actuated by a hand wheel 69, Preferably the driving connection between the coupler 6l and the end plate 33 is a resilient or flexible one, and to this end the key G5 is attached to a metal reinforced fabric disk (if-i which is carried by and bolted to the coupler Gli. lWith this construction it will be seen that not only will the mold be driven with a minimuniof vibration, but that the mold may be quickly coupled and uncoupled from the driving means to effect rapid intercliangeability of the molds. lt will be further seen that by providing the meter and the flask at opposite sides of the axis of the supporting,frame 1,4, that a desirable balanced contsruction is obtained. y

F or charging the mold with molten metal l may provide theruuner box T0 carried by the wheeled truck Tl 'which may be carried by the frame 14 as shown, the said runner box being provided with a pouring spout 72 which may project a short distance into the open end of the flask lO. While therunner box is shown mounted onv the frame 14, it will be understood that it may desirably be mounted independentof the machine itself so as to reduce the weight carried by the frame and produce a more balanced construction. Y

It will be noted that in the operation of my casting machine the uniform distribu tion of the metal over the entire mold isobtained in a simple manner by pouring the metal at one end thereof, the desired distribution being obtained without the use of the complicated mechanism heretofore found necessary in casting hollow bodies in` elongated molds such as dumping troughs and pouring spouts which are caused to move longitudinally of the mold.

`ln operating the casting machine de scribed, the time factor, the inclination of the machine and the manner of manipulating the same are important considerations. l have found experimentally that the bestre sults can be obtained by delivering the whole charge of molten metal into the mold in the quickest possible time, -sav forinstance about three seconds in the case of pipes of about six inches in diameter. order to obtain the even distribution of the metal throughout the mold from end to end, including the bell mouth as fwell asthe spigot, I have found an incline of the mold of i; inch to the foot to yield very satisfactory results, but the degree `of inclination will vary somewhat depending upon the diameter and length of the pipe being cast. By inclining the mold moreover so that the metal flows towards the bell end, I find that the metal is quickly suppliedV in the desired quantities to form the bell end in an eilicient manner.

In operating, the metal is poured from one end into the mold opening and towards the bell 'mouth7 and immediately the full charge in bulk is delivered into the moldy or in fact in some instances before the entire charge has been completely dumped into the mold, Ibegin to lower the mold from its inclined to its horizontal position; andthis lowering should be gradual and quiet so as not to create too much disturbance ofthe molten metal and at the same time should be accomplished quickly, as for example in three or more secondsdependng upon the size and length of the pipe being cast, speed being desirable if not indeed essential to the whole process. If this lowering of the mold is not done quickly and while the metal is in a free flowing condition, the distribution of the metal endwise is not uniform. This action will be readily understood when it is seen that the bulk of, the charge of metal originally introduced flows to the lower or bell mouth end of the mold, and as the mold is lowered into a horizontal position this metal Hows back towards the spigot end and in doing sois picked upand uniformly dis posed on the mold surface. New it readily understood that at a given number of revolutions of the mold per minute, the mold will only carry a definite amount of iron on its surface, so that any additional iron in the fluid state willfpassby until it reaches a. point `which is not already carrying the proper amount of metal, and that if this metal has assumed a. congealing or pasty state, then the carrying capacity of the .mold for the metal is substantially increased, and instead of allowing the metal to flow bach to the spigot end, it is picked up and held'on the surface of the mold with the result that an uneven pipe endwise is produced.. This carrying capacity of the mold face changes with the change inthe fluidity in the metal, so that it is highly desirable that the whole operation be accomplished and the horizontal position be atta-ined while the metal is still in` a thoroughly fiuidstate, so that it can dispose itself uniformly over the mold surface. f

The temperature conditions of the mold Y and the metal as already briefly mentioned are important considerations. If the metal is poured cold or below certain temperatures, the portions picked up by the. mold surface as the metal flows to the bell end sets up or becomes gummy too raiiiidly, and before the metal moving from the bell end towards the spigot end returns to it, thereby preventing a proper uniting of the metal and formingr a lap or fold. If on the' other hand the metal is at too high a temperature, as for example much more than 24000 F., approaching 2500O F., the metal is in Vtoo fiuid a condition and too unstable, and

has a tendency to cause a wave or splash which does not readily lose itself or spend itself before the setting action takes place. I `have therefore found that the temperatureof the molten metal should be about 23000 F. or higher, and preferably below the maximum limit noted. The temperatures I preferably employ are* based on the freezing point of the iron'betnfeen 200G-O l?. and 20500 l".q and it will be therefore'understood that since the freezing point of. the metal is a variable depending on the alloys or elements mixed therewith, as for example the carbon content of the same7 that the working temperatures may be varied within the principles `herein set forth.

The metal pouring operation is 'approximately as follows i which fioats on the surface.

understood' by those skilled `in the art, of a measuring ladle, and this ladle is taken to the furnace and filled with a definite amount of iron sufficient for the making of one pipe. The ladle is then conducted to the castii'ig machine, and the time of conveyance should not consume more than 30 to Gli seconds. The cast-ing machine having previously been elevated to the proper angle to the horizontah the mold is set in motion to spin at the proper speech with the casting spout. or runner in position projectingr slightly into `the spigot end of the meld. The ladle of iron coming from the furnace is immediately dumped, or poured, into lthe runner, and this operation should consume from about 3 to 5 seconds. Immediately following this step, if not overlapping the same, the operation of moving the machine from its inclined position to the horizontal position is begun, and is accomplished in from 2 to seconds, so that the entire operation of casting from the time the metal comes to the proper pouring temperature until the mold has assumed a horizontal position should preferably not exceed one minute and ten seconds, and less if possible, a desideratum being the provision of the maximum length of time from the time the mold comes to a horizontal position until the iron passes from the Huid `state to a, Semi-Huid or gummy state, at which time it will cease to distribute itself over the face of the mold. The pouring operation having `been completed andV the mold brought back to the horizontal position, it is desirable to continue; spinningl the mold at or near full speed for say about a minute, at which time the metal has taken its initial. set, and the casting speed Iof the mold can then be reduced to about half its original speed and continue to spin for a period of about 2 te 3 minutes more or less depending upon the size of the pipe being cast, at which time the spinningoperation" is discontinued and the fiask with the sand and the pipe contained in the same is removed from the machine to be substituted by another Afreshly prepared mold.

The `molten iron from the moment it begins loy run from the furnace burns from contact with theV air, and the oxidation continues as long as the iron is exposed to the air. The oxide produced unites with any silicious material available to form a` slight Wvhen the metal is dumped into the runner and into the mold7 a smallamonnt of this *slag near the bell end. whence it can be easily removed by a grinding er scouring oper ation. lt `is desirable te further localize this slag', and to this end l mavyprior to lowering the mold i'rem its inclined position,` impart to the mold a sudden and short upward kick to cause the dross to collect or localize at the bell end et the mold 'for easy removal therefrom. To accomplish these ends the 'traine 'lil when elevated 'for pouring operation is positioned so `that tae highest points ot the ecccntrics 20 ajhtly in advance et the maximum position. this so that after or overlapping the pouring step the eccentrics 20', 20 when rotated are rst rotated to the high pointsthereot' and then beyond, se that a short elevating kick is produced prior to the lowering step.

For the pui-po e ot permitting a tree and undisturbed 'lionv oi metal trom the pouring spout into the mold, and te the end et aiding in stabilizing the conditions in the mold, liberal provision is made to allevr the :tree passage` et' out et the mold While the iron is being introduced Itherein. The desir` ability o'li making such provisionwvill be readily seen vwhen it is understood that the volun'ie et Vair in the mold when subjected to the temperature ot the het iron introduced therein changes very rapidly and to about tive times the original value, and un- Y iovision is made tor these gasesto tree y elves 'from the mold, undesirable pres sure immediately created u'ithinthe mold 'which may cause a bleuv through Whatever openings are available, and on certain occasions when the pouring opening el' the mold suiliciently restricted, may tend to blew the iron back through the pouring spent. To obviate this undesirable behaviour. the pouring spout projecting into the meld is constructed se as to cover a portion only of the mold eeeninff. and is arranged to iert nf t.,

mit another portion et the opening teV remain unobstructed ttor the 'tree egress of het "from the mold. This 'is shoivn Acarticuhirly in Figs. Sand 9 ofthe drawje. and referring to these tigures. the pouring spout T2 heretofore mentioned is constructed so as to occupy a portion only ot the flask opening and preferably the lovvcr hall" et the tlaslt. leaving another `portion and preilierably the upper halt ot the epening unobstructed tor permitting a t'ree egress el' he gases 'trom the mold. ssheivn the spoutj', uhichis pre terably but not neces sarilj.' made oi' composition oi graphite similar Vto that used for 'furnace electrodes, is semi-circular in cross-section and is arranged as close as possible to the walls el' the flask opening to prevent any passage of 73 'tor protecting the operator from the healed gas coming'Y trom the mold.

.'"is hereinbc'tore briefly stated, another in1- portant object ot this invention relates to the production et a refractory mold of a character and composition to obviate the mechanical objections iound in prior practice. to permit et obtaining nen-detective castings, and to permit the molten metal to Vtlmv ovcrthe mold sur'lace Without setting up lle diL-lui'baiucss hitherto eurountered. ils mantiene-1l. the refractory lining.;- which l preter to employ in the mold consists of a sand mixture and more particularly a green or unbaked sand. I have found that the. moisture content et the sand mixture plays a highly inugortant rle in the production ot a meritorious casting, the sand if in too dry a state having the objection et not possessing bonding power sutiicient to snppert itself to withstand the cutting and Washing action eti the iron and the centrifugal action et the mold, and it in toe moist a state giving rise to teo copious a generation of steam and gas more than the sand is .capable ot` taking care of, with the result .that the steam is blown inte the metal instead et out through the mold. making a honeycomb or pocketed casting. I have discovered that with a predetermined moisture content in. the sand niixture and 'tui-ther ivith' certain constituents therein. the sand may `be made oi: the desired consistency and character to avoid on the` one hand the' mechanical ditliculities, and the Washing et the fluid metal. and to obviate on the other hand. the objectionable degree oit generation of steam. I have further discovered that in order `te properly handle iron on al green sand mold so that the metal 4flows therein Without material disturbance, that the A`Inanner ot ramming the mold is et great importance. it being highly desirable that the mold he rammed of uniform density.

To produce a meld having these vdesired clniracteristics, lirst preferablyY prepare a sand mixture described and claimed in my copending application Itier. No. 6.3650 tiled March Si, 192%, having the composition hereiubeloiv referred to` the sand mixture possessiug a moisture content otftrom `7% te lift calculated on the Weight o'l the dry Isand and the flask is lined with this sand mixture and ranuncd by means oi a jolt rai'umer. n

lfor the sand lining7 l preferably employ a mixture et silica sand, molding ksand and sharp sand containing vtrom `7% to 11% moisture.I and l have 'found the 'following 4mixture togive v ery desirable results:

`Per cent. Silica sand '50 f'iharp sand u 35 lileldin'g sand 15 ieo The rational analysis of this sand is found to be as follows:

.Per cent. Quartz 80 to 85 Clay to I0 Feldspar 5 to l() ncombined water c- 7 to Il.

This sand mixture is then rammed in the lflask by means of a jolt iammer which is operated either with air or electricity. This step is carried out by placingP the flask on a jolt rammcr in a vertical position by insertin a head pattern 74 (Fig. G) atthe bell end thereof and by insertingr a pattern 75 therein. and by then introdiicingr the sand into the mold` the r: mmingry operation 'proceeding either after completely filling up the flask or as the sand is beingr introduced. I have found that by the jolt ramming of green sand. the density of the sand at any L ea is consistent or uniform, and that although the density may change from one end of the tiask to the other, it changes uniformly 'from a heavy density at the lower end of the flask to a light density at the upper end of the flask. with a uniform variation along' the length of the mold, eliminating alternate hard and soft spots which in practice has been demonstrated to be highly objection able. alternate hard and softareas such produced for example by hand. ramrninfr or pneumatic ramming being oneot thc chief causes of internal disturbance in the flowing,

lmetal which are detrimental to a proper castingr operation.

The provision of a facing for the refractory lining which satisfactorily wit stands destruction when the metal is poured. and which .is so associated with the lining;r as to aid in preventing the breaking' and cutting of the same by the molten metal I have found to be of the utmost importance in a centrifugal refractory mold. and forms`A as already briefly mentioned, another prime object of my invention.

Y In the prior art numerous facings of sand molds to permit the clean clearing of the casting from the sand and the olitaininir of castings of the desired hue have been suggested and used. the facings includinraV powdored. liquid or plastic substances such as pli'lmbago. carbon, clay, etc.. applied to the inner sin'face of the lininn'. The use of these laminas, has, however, been found unsatis- 't'actonvin centrifugal casting operations. By my presentinvention I propose to employ a facing material whirl applied to the surface of the green sand mold in a powdered state, the powdered material having the properties of absorbing n'ioisture from the sand lining, of takingr a quick initial set to produce a membraneous or skinlike moldV facingr which is highly refractory, of having Va low capacity for absorption of heat, and of producing lmold walls impervious to the molten metal.. I have discovered that such a facingr may be produced with the use of natural cement, this being a. pulverized product resultingr from the calcination of an argillaceous limestone at a temperature only sufficient to drive ofi' the carbon dioxide.

The powdered natural cement may be applied to the face of the by means of the apparatus disclosed and claimed in my copending application Ser. lio. 587.999 filed Sept. 13, '1.922, for a mold facing device, the result obtained being generally indicated .in Figs. 3 to 5 for example, the facingr 13 representino the meinliraneous cement castinnnr obtained.

Immediately the application is made,y the powdered cement begins to absorb moisture from the sand and chemically reacts to quickly take an initial set, producing instead of a soft powdered face a rather shell-like or skin-like face which displays a. high resistance to the cuttinfbr action ot the iron. Highly advantageous properties of my cement facing `are the quick set that takes place without the application of heat and the fact that the natural cement in contradistinction from other facings and even otherl cements which on settingr contract and pull away from the surface of the sand, expands on setting with the result that the facing tends to pack itself or imbcd itself into the sand mold proper and in the grains of the sand on the face of the mold so as to become practically an integral part thereof, the effect including,r a conditioning of the sand lining for the high .resistance to destruction displayed thereby when the metal is poured thereon. Another important 4property of my cement facing is its neutral or basic character so that nozchemical reaction is set up between the iron oxide on the surface and the material of which the facing is composed. llVith t-he natural cement facing employed, the sand isprotected from the iron oxide and when the casting is made the same may be separa-ted with ease 'from the sand.

llfhile in most instance I may employ natural cement in its natural state. in some instances VI. prefer to .mix with the natural cement a small percentage, say from 5 to 10%, of an unctuous material such as graphite or talc, the'purposc of this being to act as a lubricant to aid Ain the spreadingr o l" the powdered cement on the face of the mold. .also in some instances where a comparatively thick facing body or wall is desired to be produced, I may impregnato the exposed surface of the cement facing with moisture as `by means of a spray or atomizer, causing the cement facingr to take a quick initial set throughout the body thereof.

By coating the surface of the mold with the natural cement facing, I have found green sand mold .'f i A tore produces a piotecti ease oil pr;

that in addition to providing the tacin havini;` the characteristics above mentionei l am enabled to iliroduce a casting product having a 'facing or coating which iorzns a protection against corrosive and other deterioratingl action. rlie meinbranxous facing produced on the aand lining is o a fusible character and tused by contact with the molten iron the metal poured, the i'usion resulting;` in the pipe rotaia 3 a large portion oi t' .z raient which forms a coating,V or lining`lon its outer shin, such as indicated at To iu i nf. "i" ot the drawings. lt is ivell known thai' cement inhibits corrosion Vin all iron products, end the :fusing oit the iron with the invent there 'e and highly desirable coating. lllhile cement is fused, it to he ted that due to the highly nonconducting;` characli`A o"xv the cement the san-fl docs not attain temperature to fuse with the cement the rement coated casting is produced a smooth and clean condition.

The praet'ce ff l, LA.

` my method and the operation of the api` ratus will in the iii-ain he :l'ully apparent in the abo-fe detailed :iescription therco 'rt will be i'iirther uueler stood by those slt. tie art to which this invention appertains that v-:ith the use ot' my process, centrifugally cast bodies and especially terroirs pipe may be malle with `great economy iriroduce pipi:- havine not only that increased tensile strength, a'iodulus of z-ilastiiiitj-f `l riuilulus ot rupture characteristic ot' reutrrt a ly produced metal products, but the on;` annealed. easily machinable propertie-` ot' cast iron together with the hiili reir-italico to the corrosive influences met with under :ictual scvice c nditions. lt Will he Yturther seen that the apparatus employed is loef;- pensive and ijlurable. and mayY he og'iei'ated with ea. .i and 'facility'. lt will be Vfurther seen that theI mold raav be charged in a siniple manner. the pou-.infr of the metal and the one?" i et the mold Vfolloivirip simple laws, pe tine the employment i' i labor rot 'ly sl-rilled. lilith 'my gnocess,

ore,r l have tonnel that u cheap ture ma: he employed, such for as a. metal mint having( the s phosphorus, carbon, silicon, manganese and sulphur, reduced to as loiv as and the silicon content reduced trom about llfi dovn to {3%7. this being materially lower than the costly silicon content emplovedv in mixtures with other processes. :it

'further' i will therefore be seen that the practice ot thc method..- ren@rally charwfterized h v the ,ticing the process, the small cost of the apparatus and its upkeep. the eilicient product. and the iuexpensire metal mixture employed.

-lt will he understood that While l have .described my invention in great detail so that anyone skilled in the art may be enabled to practice the same, that l do not intend to be limited to the details either in the process or in the apparatus.employed, and that some of the improvements either in the process or in the machine may be used without some ot the other improvements described, Ythe intent of the above detailed description being to exampli'fy the manner in which the numerous problems involved may be sucesstully solved, all the examples being given by way ot illustration only, and not by way of limitation. It will be further clear that numerous changes may ne made Without departingf from the spirit of the invention defined in the claims hereto appended, and in other claims to the subject-matter herein disclosed and set forth in other of my copendinp; applications centrifugal refractory mold and method ot' preparing the same, Serial No. 623,748, lilcd March S, 1923; art of producing centrifugal castings with a protective coating, Serial No. 623,(3l9, filed March 8, 1923, and composition ot matter Yfor molds, Serial No.A

623,650, filed h'larch S, 1923.

l claiml. .in the art ot centritugally casting hollow metal bodies, the method which consists in pouring molten metal into a rotary mold while the latter is in a position inclined to the horizontal. and in moving the mold to a substantially horizont-al position While the metal is still in a fluid condition.

2. In the art of centrifugally casting hollow metal bodies the method which consists in discharging molten metal in bulk for delircry into a rotary mold while the latter is in a position inclined to the horizontal, and in moving' the mold to a substantially hori- Zontal position While the metal is still in a iluid condition.

Tl. ln the art oi" centriilugallv casting' hollow metal bodies, the method which consists in charging' a rotary mold withl molten .metal havin;r a predetermined temperature ivhilo the mold is in a' position inclined to the horizontal. and in moving' the mold to a suhstantiallyY level or horizontal position .vhile the metal is still in a fluid condition, the temperature beingso predetermined as to permit the metal to remain in a fluid or `tree flowing; state duringr the time ot charging and time ot levelling of the mold.

Ll. ln the art oft centritugally casting hollow metal bodies.y the method which con` sists in charging a. rotary mold with molten metal at a predetermined temperature While the mold is in a position inclined to the hori- Zontal. and in movingthe mold to a substantially level or horizontal position While the metal is still. in a fluid condition, the ternperature being so predetermined as to permit the metal to remain in a fluid or free flowingr stato during the time of elizirgio and time ot levelling or the mold and t then lassume :i eongeelinn' stete.

5. In the art Centriingnlly costinghollow metal bodies, the method which consists in tiltingr a rotary mold to e position iiiolined to the horizontal, in pouring molten metal into the mold at 'the eleveted enlL thereof, ond in moving,` the mold to e sul stontially `horizontal position While the metal is Still in :i fluid eondition.

6. In the nrt ot eentriirr lily costing; hollowV metal bodies, the method which consist in tilting' i rotary inoid to e position inclined to the horizontal, in discharging molten motel in hull; into the mold et the elevated end thereof, and in n'ioying the rotary mold to :i substantially iorizontel position While the metal is still in e fluid state .7. In the method oi een' elly costing hollow motel bodies, the s 'Wl'iioh consist in introdncing;- molten retail into one end of :i rotary mold While t or o O Ahe letter is in e position inclined to the horizontal, end in immediately lowering ne mold to e. suhstentielly horizontal position.

8. In the art o? Centril'ngiilly enstingg hol- 10W motel bodies the method which eonsists in providing e rotziry mold. substantially closed at one end sind tiltinga the seine in :i position inclined to the horizontal, in discharging molten met-fil into the mold et the other end thereof, and in moving' the mold to a substantially horizontiiV 'position While the metal is still in a fluid condition.

9a lin the art ofi eenlri'lingnlly restino' hollow metal loodies. the method Whioh Consists in 'pouring molten metzil into ii rotary relrnclory mold While the letter is in e posi lion inclined to the horizoi l, and in inoying' the rotor); mold to e snlistentiolly horizontzil position while the motel is still in e fluid condition. Y

l0. Inthe irrt oi centrilngrelly costing hollon7 ,motel liodief-in the method Wiiieri eonsiste in poni-ins.:` mol @n in'. l into :i rotary groen send mold virliilo the letter is in it 'giosilion inclined to the liiirizonl'ol sind in movin@r the rota inold to n sn initially horizontfil noi" V`on While the ine/tol is still. in a llnid condition,

ll. In the irrt oi ily Costing hollow metal bodies. the method willich consists in pouring; moli'f` i metall into :i rotary ri-rlirnetory mold proil ed with e in ridireneons tering eizimnfflod onto the ini er Woll ot the seme. While the mold is in e iiosi tion inclined lo the horizontal. sind in moi# ini: the mold to :i siihstiint Jelly horizontal position While the iiretel is still in fi iinid Condition.

l2. In the art of oentritngrsilly resting ollovY motel bodies the method Whicli Conin Vonrin` ton i' l into e rotziry refractory mold iprovide with n cement while the mold is in :i position i11- lo he horizontal, and in moving the e substantially horizontal position z iiietel is if in o. fluid eonfjiition. the irt ot centrilingiilly costing l lioiilies, the method which oonin Vio iringg n'iolten motel into :i rotary l :it refractory materiel having e, i oon'ienli o'l" not less than 7% While is in n positioi'i inclined to the end in moving the o'iold to a liorisconlnl position While the n Vllnid eondition.

f ot centri'tngelly costing tli's, the method which oon- Eid lio ',-nold is in n position inclined to the itin, und in moving; the mold to a 'itiilly horizontal position while the i i al is s ,ill in e iilnid condition.

, In the art of eentrilngelly rusting; hollow motel bodies, tl e n'ieihod which oonin il'ioiiring molten inetzll into :L rotary i l nizide ot r. ytory n'izileriul linving;` n nii'iisiin'e content ol troni i to 11% while lli-e mold is in e position inclined to the liorizontnl, und in moving the mold to a solis-toni" horizontal Vposition while the in u fluid condition. tl :irl ot contii'lngnll-y casting 'in' nielelliodi( the method which con -pouring molten .oetzzl into uy rotary mold inode oit retrnotory material having :i inoisiiire content. of; l'roin to lip/li and fled i ith e cement lfaeiiifr, While the nold in e position inclined to the horizontal, :md in moving' the inold to e. sul)- sl'eniiolj." horizontnl position While the inizi s.,i i in r1 ilnid condition.

if?. In the ot :entri'lngnlly Costing hollow metal hoi'lios. the method ol' loruliz- 1Vnig the dross which Consists in pouring molw :in elei'zitino' movement to increase the irlilinntion, nY i then :i loweringT movement to snlistzintiailly horizontal position while `the motel is still in e, fluid condition.

1S. ln the :iit of centritligrel-ly Costingr hollow metal bodies. the nel'hod ot locnlizinn' the dross which conm@ 'n pouring inolfen metal into n rotary mold While the letter is in e.. position inclined to the horizonl'ol. si nl in 'innenrtinny to the mold i'irst zi shzirgi .find short elovetini movement.` to incre; e the inelinwtiom und then :i grmlnal lowering' movement to substantially horizontal position while the .metal is still in :i luid oonijlition,

i9. in the art of rontritugrally casting l ollow metal li dins the method iyliioh ffon- Jenn,

a membraneous facing. in pouring molten metal into the niold while the latter is in vposition inclined to the horizontal, and in moving the niold to a substantially horizontal position while the metal is still in a. fluid state.

20. An apparatus for ccntriitugally casting' hollow metal bodies eon'iprising a rotary mold mounted lor movement between a substantialljv horizontal position and a positioninclined to the horizontal, means for charging molten metal into the mold when `thc latter is in the inclined position'` and provisions for rapidly moving the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is `still in a. fluid condition.

2l. An apparatus lor centrilugrally casting hollow nieta] bodies comprising a rotary mold mounted for movement between a substantially horizontal position `and a position inclined to the horizontal. means Vtor chargingr molten metal into one end oit the mold when the latter is in the inclined position. and provisions for quickly movingT the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is st-ill in a fluid condition. 22. An apparatus 'for centrilupially casting hollow metal bodies comprisingi a rotary mold substantially closed at one end and open at the other end, thc said mold being mounted for movement between a substantially horizontal position and aposition inclined to the horizontal. means tor charging molten metal into the open end ot tho mold with the latter in the inclined position, and provisions tor moving the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is still in the fluid condition.`

23. An apparatus tor centritug'ally casting hollow metal bodies comprising` a rotary retractory mold mounted vlor movement between a substantially horizontal position and position inclined to the horizontal, means for chargingr molten metal into the mold when the latter is in the inclined position, and provisions tor rapidly moving the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is still in a fluid state.

24. An apparatus tor centriiugally castine hollow metal bodies comprising a rotary inO hollow metal bodies com risine' a rotar refractory mold provided with a membraneons facing expanded onto the inner wall of the saine, the said mold beine` mounted ttor increment between a substantially horizon-I tal position and a position inclined to the and bei. t

horizontal, means for charging molten metal into the mold when the latter is in the inclined position, and provisions 'for movingl the niold to the horizontal position while the metal is still in a fluid condition.

26. An apparatus Jfor centriliugally casting hollow metal bodies` comprising a rotary refractory mold provided with a membraneous and itusible lacing` expanded onto the inner wall of the same, the said mold being.; mounted for increment between a substantially horizontal position and a position inclined to the horizontal, means it'or chars;v ian` limiten metal into the mold when the latter l, in the inclined position, and provisions tor moving the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is still in a vl'luid condition.

27. in apparatus for centri'tugally casting' hollow metal bodies comprising a rotary refractory mold provided with a cement facing, the said mold being? mounted i'or movement between a substantially horizontal position and a position inclined to the horizontal, means t'or charging molten metal into the n )ld when the latter is in the inclined pot fion` and provisions for moving the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is still in a fluid condition.

28. )in apparatus tor centri'tugally casting;` hollow metal bodies comprising; a rotary mold made of a refractoryY material haringu a moisture content ot from T to ll said mold beine mounted 'tor movement between a substantially horizontal position and a position inclined to the horizontal, means Vfor charging molten metal into the mold when the latter is in the inclined position, and provisions 'for moving;- the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is still in a tlnid condition.

29. An apparatus for centrit'uligalljY casting' hollow metal bodies comprising a rotary niold made of a retractory material havingr a moisture content ot T to 11% and provided with a cement "facing, the said mold being mounted tor movement 'between a substantially horizontal position and a position inclined tothe horizontal,v means for charging; molten metal into the mold when the latter is in the inclined position, and

provisions for moving; the mold to the hori-.

zontal position while the .metal is still in a ilnid condition.

30, in apparatus 'tor centritugally casting hollow metal bodies comprisini?,- a rotary green sand `mold provided `wit a cement tacngr. the said mold being' substantially closed at one end and open atrthe other end mounted tor increment between a horizontal position and a position inclined to the horizon-tat means for charging` molinetal into the open end ot the inold while the latter is in the inclined position7 and provisions for moving the mold to the stantiallyT horizontal position an l, vateol position inclined to the i` ineens *for eliarggingx molten i; ,l i. mold when the latter is in the :ne L:

tion, and ijrrovisions ifor irst gj a quick further .elevating moroni. ibo mold and 'for then lowering the ille horizontal position n'bile the metal is mili in a fiuid condition.V

32 Au apli'laralns ior rientri;E ingr hollow metal ii flies non: v' mold., inea-ns for suiniortinnj .l movement about an axis adjarent l thereof, and provisions :For nioving the saine about said axis.

33. An apparatus :for venti K ino hollow :nete-l bodies comprising; a rota mold, means ior lsupportino` the saine .tor niovenient about a horizontal ari l f one end thereoi"7 and prow 'ons ad i i other end thereof ior movi lhe same about said axis.

34E. An apparat-us 'tor @entriY lv ha:

ing hollow metal bodies omnprismrg a rotary.

mold, a supporting' iframe therefor` the said supporting; .traine being mounted pivotal motion about an axis adjacent one end oii the mold7 and provisions toe: vnovit i the supportingr :Frame about the said aan. elevateand lower the mold7 An apparatus 'for centri l ing hollow metal bodies oomprisii'r a l mold, a supporting' iframe thei'efl the ,supporting frame beineA mounted rer piroal motion about an axis adiaeeiil`l one end or' the mold, and provisions adiarent 'the other end of the mold 'for moving); the support fr 'traine about the said. axis to elevate and lower the mold.

36. An apparatus 'for centi" ing hollow metal bodies eoinprisn :j a roc mold, a supporting iframe therei. the s suimortineT frame being; mounted Jfor pivots.. motion about an artis adjacent one end o. the mold, means supported bv said trame and arranged. on one side ot s id 'tor rotatingr the mold, :intl p oi ions arranrfm'l on the other side ot said :iris p trame to elevate and lov-rer A'orr novi ne 37. An apparatus tor een Ag" i ingr hollow metal bodies comprising a rot inehollovv metal bodies eomprisine' a rotarv at one end and lor zi-upnortino' intim meld substffintially eiosed open at the other end, in said mol-:l igor movement about an :n:

e nt the closed end thereof, provisimis: odia mold, means Afor supporting the saine for movement between a substantially horiyioozal position and a position inclined to iln horizontahthe said supporting means inxlnding mechanism l'tor removably positionn t" the mold and adapted to permit rapid replmfe nient oiE a poured niold bjv a mold lo be poured, means for oharginigv molten metal into the mold When the latter is in the in elinetl position, and provisions for moving ythe mold to the horif/:ontal position while the metal is still in a Huid Condition.

40. n apparatus tor centri:fugallv Castingholloiv .metal lfiodies comprisingr a rotarvv mold mounted i'or movement between a substantiallyT horizontal position and a position inclined to the horizontal, means 't'or rotating; the inold ineludinll mechanism i'or permitting; removal ot the same tor mold replacement, and means for charging molten metal into the mold when the latter is in the inclined position, and provisions for moving the mold to the horizontal position while the metal is in a Huid Condition.

4l. An apparatus for (fentriifuoallv eastingr` hollow metal bodies eomprisiner a rotary mold, means for supporting: the same `for movement about an axis adjacent one end thereof,I the said supportinga means includ ing; mechanism for removably positioning the mold and adapted to permit rapid replacement of a poured mold by a mold to be poured,` and provisions ior moving the mold about said, axis.

An apparatus lor eentriilnn'allv rasting hollow metal bodies comprising;` a rotary inoldA` means vfor supportingthe naine for mov'enient about an. axis adjacent one end thereof, means for rotate-ingr` the mold ineludiner mechanism for permitting' removal of the mold -for mold replacement1 and provisions for moving the mold about the said. axis. Y i

43. An apparatus for eentritugally casting hollen`- metal bodies l-oinprisine a rtary mold, a supportingr trame therefor, means for movingr the support-ingir trame with the mold between inclined and horizontal imsitions7 and a prime mover mounted upon the 'frame and havingr a driving,1r connection with the mold. Y

44. An apparatus for centrifuga-Hy easting hollow meta] bodies comprising a rotary mold, a. supporting frame therefor, means for moving the supporting frame with the illll mold between inclined and horizontal positions, and a priine mover axially alined with the mold mounted on 'the 'traine and a detachable coupling nieans between the prinie mover and the mold.

45. An apparatus iter centriitugally easting` hollow metal bodies comprising` a rotary inold, a supporting-trente therefor, mechanism tor removably holding the inold on the 'traine and adapted to permit replaceinent of poured mold by a inold to be poured, means tor moving the support-ino` 'trarne with the inold between inclined and horizontal positior-.s7 and a prixne mover mounted upon Vthe Vtrarne and haring a driving connection with the mold.

e6. in apparatus Ator eentritngally easting hollow metal bodies eornp rising a rotary inolcl substantiallyr closed at one end, means 'tor supporting the saine including mechanis n tor removably holding' the inold'and adapted to permit replacement o t a poured niold by a mold to be poured, and means: tor rotating` the inold ineludinpr a primo nioyer arranged eti-axially with said mold and a detachable connection between the prirue nio-Ver and the closed end ot the mold.

'-'. in apparatus 'tor ceutritfugally castr hollow metal bodies comprising" a rotary Inold. ineans tor supporting the saine including mechanism tor removably holding the niold and adapted to permit. replacenieut ot poured mold by a mold to he poured, and means tor rotating the inold including an axially movable electric motor alinefl with the ir-:is oi the iuold and a separable couplingconnecting the inotor and the mold.

An apparatus tor centri'tuoally canti' hollow n'ietal bodies eoniprisiup1 o, rotary mold substantially eloeed. at one end and haring' an opening at the other end, and ineens for charging the iuold with molten tal through said opening', the said means inrluding a pouring spout projeetino ii o s e lmold through the lower portion only ot said opening and arranged to perniit the upper portion ot the opening to remain unobstructed for the tree egress of hot `gases Yfrom the mold.

49. An apparatus for centritugally casting; hollow :metal bodies etunprisino a rotary mold haring an openino` one end thereot, and Ineens tor niolten metal Vthrtnioh said opening7 the Said means including a pouring spout substantially seinicircular in cross Section projecting: into the mold opening at the lower hall thereof and arranged to `permit the upper lia-lt' ot the opening to remain unobstructed for the tree 4egress oit het gases vtroni the mold.

50. An apparatus tor centritug'ally casting hollow metal bodies comprising a rotary charging the mold with niold having a bell-mouth end -mounted tor movement between a. substantially horizontal position and a position inclined 4to the horizontah means Vtor charging; molten metal into the end opposite the hell-mouth end and towards the bell-mouth end ot the mold when the mold ie in the inelined position, and provisions 'tor rapidly moving; the niold to the horiznintal position while the metal is still in a lluid rendition7 whereby an even t. ibutiou throughout the casting :nid ineludinn' the hell end thereot is obtained.

5l. ln the art ot eentritugally Casting hol-- low nietal bodies having' bell ends. the method whieh conf-tinte iu prtuf'iding; a rotary mold havin;r a bell shaped structure at one end and a pourir opening;- at the other end. in eharning molten metal into the open end and toward the bollA shaped end while the mold rotatingl and in impaa'tinnd a `lurther movement to the inold other than a rotary movement to unitorurly distribute the vmolten metal throughout. the body ot the mold. i

5i'. lin the art oit eeutriliugally casting; hollow metal liodiea hating; hell ends, the method which connu-ts in providing an elongated rotary mold hunting' a Substantially closed bell shaped structure at one endv and a pouring opening at the other end., in hai-gine' inolten niet-al into the open end towards the well shaped end ol? the iuold while the latter is rotati and in imparting a tilting nuweiuenl; to the mold to uniformly distril, ite the molten rietal throughout the body oi the iuold.

53. An apparatus tor centrifuoally castinnl molten niotal bodies haring bell ends` muiprsiuer a `rotary niold having a bell shaped structure at one end and a pouringY opening' at the other end and means for unilorinly distributingy molten metal throughout the body of theiuold comprisinomeans for rotating the niold and means tor imparting to the mold a movement Suppleu'iental to the rotating movement thereof.

An apparatus tor eentritugally casting; molten metal bodies having hell ends, Comprising a rotary nnold having a. bell shaped structure at one end and a pouring opening;r at the other end and means for uni- `torinly distributing molten metal throughout the body ot the mold comprising;r means 'tor rotating; the mold and means tor moving: the mold tronny an inclined to a horizontal position while the inetal is in a molten oondition.

iin apparatus for eentrifugally casting hollow inetal bodies comprising a rotary mold, means 'tor supporting the same including mechanism for removably holding the mold and adapted to permit replacement oit a poured mold by a mold to be poured,

and means for rotating the mold including axis of in meeting 'rho osotor :i irl The wohl.

5G. An appro-mmf; for oooh-fio' ingr hollow metal bodiofs Co lary roohl, moans: igorI including i'noifhaiiiam for roixovohl lling the molil :imi mhip'nl to pero loooient of :i pfmrml molli i o. inoliil ifo moored, mil i rms for mowing Itho molo lluding o. rfi ogg moana :iirf-'iilgofl "ozlxiii v with said inolfl :md :i llo); ilo ('onncotioii hoigiiomi tho f'lrrivinp; mon file mold.

57. In ihr zirl oinlri'fiorini`v hollow iwtfil lioiliof, tho moihofl .asiois in chai-Any o imfiry iii-old rootzil :zml in movin@ :i tilt-oil lo :i sobs l p .v1 f1, ilu USAL 58. In tho ort' olz contri'V hollow motnl l'ioclimg iho :mi Yisisilfs in rotating .mggof :ixis sind io ifontal a1 i I moi o rho u noi-ni :il ro :axis'whilo tho moto] io in it In tho uri; of hollow ia'aetul boolu which consist@ will' 'reco so n fl until pooiiiigholiovv metal horlilf: ooinprisi11;:` n ro 'Lory molal, :i Sii'ipori'ing frmi'io therefor, tho Said Suportiiig irsniw living lnounfod For niovonlonl; i hout :in axis lomiiml adjacent' :in

foil oil" the mohlso thai The inohl is arranged ,To on@ Sido o? Suid. axis, and a primo mover UVor l'ho molfl inounioil on lho if o@ :1nd :1r-

'aingeil or; 'tho other siflo of said :ixisx Gel. In ho :Lrt o l contriilipjnlly nting hollow iiiotal hodio, the method which corr @ists in fflmrging :L inolrl with mollen metal, in rotating-tho Sniil mold :nifl in manipular ing thoy roziiving mold whilo tho moto] is in :i uifl oonliiiion .fo causo tho hulk of 4tho nioiul ,to How towartlfl ono 9nd ol the mold :imi lo ihr-n uniforn'iliv (iiStrihulo `itseli throughout'. the body of the mold.

65. In ho artV oi' centri'higully footing hollow metal bodies, tho ninthorl which con- .Qiotg in Charging a mohl with. mollen moral., in rotating the said u'iohl and in imparting furiihor ,movement tothe mold 4other than fr rotary movenient while `thvy metal ifi i n a fluid oondiionfo causethe bulk o'ithe iiietnl lio loiv towards one end of Jche mold :incl to then uniformly distribute itselfv throughout tho holly oiiitho mold.

Signed :it New York city, in f he county of New York and Shiro of New York, this 21st clay of Feh., A. D., 1.923.

WILLIAM D. M UORE. 

